Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception Review Worksheet Answers

April 17, 2022 Post a Comment

Affiliate 4: Awareness and Perception

Overview
1. Transduction
  1. Sensory letters are transformed into neural impulses
    1. then sent to the thalamus, which sends them to other parts of the brain
    2. exception: smell
2. Sensory Adaptation
  1. Decreasing responsiveness to stimuli due to abiding stimulation
3. Sensory Habituation
  1. Our perception of sensations is partially due to how focused nosotros are on them
4. Cocktail-Party Phenomenon
  1. Someone across the room says your name
  2. Your attention involuntarily switches to them
6. Sensation and Perception
  1. Awareness
    1. the activation of our senses
  2. Perception
    1. the process of understanding these sensations
Energy Senses
1. Vision
  1. S tep one: gathering light
    1. light is reflected off of objects and gathered past the eye
    2. the color nosotros perceive depends on:
      1. intensity- how much energy the low-cal contains. determines brightness
      2. wavelength- determines hue
  2. Step two: within the middle
    1. cornea
      1. light first enters the middle through it
      2. helps to focus the low-cal
      3. a protective covering
    2. pupil
      1. lite goes through it after the cornea
    3. iris
      1. determines how much light gets in the eye by controlling the size of the student
    4. lens
      1. through adaptation, calorie-free that enters the educatee is focused by information technology
      2. curved and flexible
      3. as light passes through information technology, the image is flipped upside down and inverted
    5. retina
      1. the focused inverted image projects on it
  3. Footstep three: transduction
    1. occurs when light activates neurons in the retina
    2. cones and rods
      1. the first layer of cells in the retina
      2. directly activated past light
      3. cones- activated by color, clustered around the fovea
      4. rods- peripheral vision, answer to black and white, outnumber cones
    3. bipolar and ganglion cells
      1. when enough cones and rods fire, they activate the adjacent layer of bipolar cells
      2. if enough bipolar cells fire, the next layer of ganglion cells is activated
    4. ganglion cells
      1. the axons of it form the optic nerve that sends impulses to the LGN
    5. lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
      1. in the thalamus
      2. sends messages to the visual cortex
    6. blind spot
      1. where the optic nerve leaves the retina
      2. has no cones or rods
    7. optic nerve
      1. impulses from the left side of each retina become to the left hemisphere of the encephalon, right correct
      2. optic chiasm- spot where the fretfulness cross each other
  4. Step 4: in the brain
    1. characteristic detectors
      1. impulses travel from the retina to the visual cortex to them
      2. Hubel and Weisel
      3. vertical lines, curves, motion, etc.
      4. visual perception is a combination of all features
2. Theories of Color Vision
  1. Trichromatic theory
    1. we have three types of cones:
      1. detect blue, cherry-red, or greenish
      2. these are activated in combinations to produce other colors
    2. can't explicate afterimages or color blindness
  2. Opponent-process theory
    1. the sensory receptors arranged in the retina come in pairs
      1. red/green, blueish/yellow, blackness/white
    2. when ane sensor is stimulated, the other is inhibited from firing
3. Hearing
  1. Sound waves
    1. created past vibrations which travel through the air
    2. nerveless by our ears
    3. transduction → neural impulses
    4. aamplitude
      1. height. determines loudness in decibels
    5. frequency
      1. length
      2. determines pitch (megahertz)
  2. Process
    1. sound waves are collected in the pinna (outer ear)
    2. waves travel downward ear/auditory canal
    3. they reach the eardrum (tympanic membrane)
      1. a thin membrane that vibrates as sound waves hit information technology
      2. connects with the hammer (malleus) which is continued to the anvil (incus) which connects to the stirrup (stapes) → these iii modest basic = ossicles
    4. the ossicles transmit the vibrations to the oval window
      1. attached to cochlea, which is shaped like a snail's crush and filled with fluid
    5. every bit the oval window vibrates, the fluid moves
    6. hair cells on the basilar membrane (floor of cochlea) move
      1. the hair cells are connected to the organ of corti (neurons activated by movement of hair cells)
    7. transduction occurs
      1. organ of corti fires
      2. auditory nerve sends these impulses to the brain
4. Pitch Theories
  1. Place theory
    1. hair cells in the cochlea respond to different frequencies of audio based on where they are located
    2. some bend to high pitches, others to low
    3. better explains how we sense higher pitches
  2. Frequency theory
    1. the pilus cells burn down at unlike rates
    2. explains lower tones
5. Deafness
  1. Conduction deafness
    1. problem with the organization of conducting the audio to the cochlea
    2. in ear canal, eardrum, ossicles, or oval window
  2. Sensorineural (nerve) deafness
    1. pilus cells in the cochlea are damaged
    2. often results from loud noise
    3. hair cells can't regenerate
6. Touch
  1. Some nervus endings answer to temperature, others to pressure
  2. Our brain interprets the corporeality of indentation (temperature modify) every bit intensity of affect
  3. Nerve endings are very concentrated in the fingertips
  4. Pain receptors will burn when other receptors are stimulated sharply
  5. Pain warns u.s.a. of danger
  6. Gate-control theory
    1. some pain messages have a college priority
      1. gate is open to it, and shut to lower priority messages
    2. endorphins
      1. swing the gate shut
      2. natural endorphins command pain
Chemical Senses
1. Taste (Gustation)
  1. Chemicals from food are absorbed by sense of taste buds
    1. located on papillae
    2. tastes: sweet, salty, sour, bitter
      1. some gustation buds respond more intensely to i
    3. the more densely packed the taste buds, the more than chemic absorbed → intense taste
2. Aroma (Olfaction)
  1. Process
    1. molecules of substances rise into the air
    2. molecules are drawn into the olfactory organ
    3. they settle into a mucous membrane
    4. absorbed by receptor cells
  2. Olfactory bulb
    1. receptor cells linked to it
    2. gathers messages from the olfactory receptor cells
      1. sends this information to the brain
    3. nerve fibers from it connect to the encephalon at the amygdale and hippocampus
      1. may explicate why smell triggers memories
Trunk Position Senses
1. Vestibular Sense
  1. Tells u.s. about how our body is oriented in infinite
  2. Process:
    1. 3 semicircular canals
      1. tubes are partially filled with fluid
      2. give brain feedback about trunk orientation
    2. body position changes
    3. fluids in canals motion
    4. sensors in canals move
    5. movement of hair cells
    6. neurons activated
      1. impulses go to brain
2. Kinesthetic Sense
  1. Gives us feedback almost the position and orientation of specific body parts
Perception
1. Psychophysics
  1. The study of the interaction between the sensations we receive and our experience of them
2. Thresholds
  1. Absolute threshold
    1. the minimum amount of stimulus we can detect l% of the time
    2. subliminal- below the absolute threshold
  2. Difference threshold (merely noticeable divergence)
    1. smallest amount of change needed in a stimulus before we detect a modify
    2. computed by Weber's Police force
      1. psychophysicist Ernest Weber
      2. the alter needed is proportional to the intensity of the original stimulus
      3. hearing- five%
      4. vision- 8%
Perceptual Theories
1. Signal Detection Theory
  1. Investigates the effects of the distractions and interference we experience while perceiving the world
  2. Tries to predict what nosotros'll perceive amid competing stimuli
  3. Takes into account response criteria:
    1. motivations and expectations
    2. also called receiver operating characteristics
  4. False positive
    1. we think nosotros perceive a stimulus that isn't there
  5. False negative
    1. non perceiving a stimulus that is present
2. Top-Downward Processing
  1. We perceive by filling in gaps in what we sense with groundwork cognition
  2. Schemata
    1. created past experience
    2. mental representations of how we expect the earth to be
    3. influence how we perceive the world
    4. can create a perceptual set
      1. a predisposition to perceive something in a certain way
  3. Backmasking
    1. supposed hidden messages musicians played backwards in their music
3. Lesser-Upwards Processing (Characteristic Analysis)
  1. Perception starts at the lesser with the individual characteristics of the paradigm
  2. Puts characteristics together into our concluding perception
  3. More accurate than top-down processing
Principles of Visual Perception
1. Effigy-Footing Human relationship
  1. Effigy- objects
  2. Ground- surrounding groundwork
2. Gestalt Rules
  1. We unremarkably perceive objects as groups, not isolated elements
  2. Factors that influence how we group objects:
    1. proximity
      1. objects close together → perceived as belonging to the same group
    2. similarity
      1. objects are similar in appearance → perceived as part of the same group
    3. continuity
      1. objects that grade a continuous form are grouped together
    4. closure
      1. objects that brand up a recognizable image are grouped, fifty-fifty if the listen needs to fill in gaps
      2. like to top-downwardly processing
3. Constancy
  1. Constancy
    1. our ability to maintain a abiding perception of an object even as sensation from it changes
  2. Size constancy
    1. we keep a constant size in mind for an object if nosotros're familiar with it
      1. we know information technology doesn't abound or shrink as distance changes
  3. Shape continuance
    1. nosotros know the shape of an object remains constant, fifty-fifty every bit retinal images change
  4. Effulgence constancy
    1. we perceive objects every bit being a constant color fifty-fifty as the light reflected from them changes
4. Perceived Motion
  1. Our brains can perceive objects at rest to be moving
    1. stroboscopic upshot
      1. images in a serial of nonetheless pictures presented at a certain speed seem to move (flip books)
    2. phi phenomenon
      1. a series of low-cal bulbs turned on and off at a particular rate appear to be one moving light
    3. autokinetic effect
      1. spot of lite is projected on a wall in a dark room
      2. it appears to move if you stare at it
5. Depth Cues
  1. Visual cliff experiment
    1. Eleanor Gibson
    2. an infant that can crawl won't cantankerous the cliff
    3. infants have depth perception
  2. Monocular cues
    1. depth cues that need only one heart
    2. linear perspective
      1. parallel lines converge with distance
    3. relative size cue
      1. larger objects appear closer
    4. interposition cue
      1. objects that block the view to other objects must be closer
    5. texture gradient
      1. we can meet more details in the texture of objects that are closer
    6. shadowing
      1. implies where the light source is
  3. Binocular cues
    1. depth cues that demand both eyes
    2. binocular (retinal) disparity
      1. the closer the object, the more disparity there will be between the images from each eye
    3. convergence
      1. the more than the eyes converge, the closer the object must be
The Furnishings of Culture on Perception
1. Principle
  1. Some basic perceptual sets are learned from civilisation
2. Muller-Lyer Illusion
  1. an optical illusion consisting of a stylized arrow. When viewers are asked to identify a mark on the figure at the midpoint, they invariably identify information technology more towards the "tail" end.

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Aboukhadijeh, Feross. "Chapter four: Awareness and Perception" StudyNotes.org. Study Notes, LLC., 12 Oct. 2013. Web. 17 Apr. 2022. <https://www.apstudynotes.org/psychology/outlines/chapter-4-sensation-and-perception/>.

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